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Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD)

Writer's picture: dr.ssa Elizabeth Mooredr.ssa Elizabeth Moore

Un uomo che esprime un evidente dolore fisico, con una postura tesa e un'espressione sofferente sul volto, rappresentando il disagio emotivo e fisico associato al disturbo da sintomi somatici. L'immagine riflette la lotta di chi affronta i sintomi debilitanti di questa condizione.

Introduction

Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD) is a complex condition involving the manifestation of physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition or another mental disorder. These symptoms can vary in intensity and have a significant impact on the individual’s daily life. This article will explore the characteristics of this disorder, its causes, treatment techniques, and scientific references.


What is Somatic Symptom Disorder?

The DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition) defines Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders as the presence of one or more somatic symptoms that cause significant distress or impairment in functioning. This classification is intended to help healthcare professionals frame the diagnosis. In the past, this was categorized into somatization disorder, somatoform pain disorder, conversion disorder, and various related disorders.

The diagnosis is characterized by excessive thoughts, feelings, and concerns regarding physical symptoms, whether they are present or not.


Characteristics and Symptoms

Symptoms can include, but are not limited to:

  • Persistent pain in various parts of the body

  • Gastrointestinal symptoms (such as nausea and diarrhea)

  • Neurological symptoms (such as weakness or numbness)

  • Excessive worry about health and fear of serious illness

These symptoms can lead to a cycle of worry and anxiety, further intensifying the perception of pain and discomfort.


Causes and Risk Factors

The causes of somatic symptom disorder are complex and may include:

  • Psychological Factors: Stress, past trauma, and emotional difficulties can contribute to the manifestation of somatic symptoms.

  • Biological Factors: Alterations in neurotransmitters or pain processing pathways may influence pain perception.

  • Social Factors: Culture and social context can affect how individuals express and manage pain and illness.


Treatment Techniques

Treatment for somatic symptom disorder may involve a multidisciplinary approach that combines psychological therapy and medical support. Here are some specific techniques:


  1. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT helps patients identify and modify distorted thoughts that influence their perception of pain. Specific techniques may include:

    • Cognitive Restructuring: Replacing negative thoughts with more realistic ones.

    • Relaxation Techniques: Aiding in the reduction of anxiety and muscle tension.

    • Exposure Techniques: Gradually exposing patients to feared situations, reducing their fear response.

  2. Psychotherapy: Can be helpful in addressing traumatic experiences or repressed emotions. Forms such as psychodynamic therapy or mindfulness-based therapy can be effective.

  3. Pharmacotherapy: In some cases, antidepressants or anxiolytics may be prescribed to alleviate symptoms associated with the disorder.

  4. Education and Support: Providing patients with information about their condition can help them better understand their symptoms and reduce anxiety.


Research and Innovations

In recent years, innovative research has emerged exploring new approaches for treating somatic symptom disorder. For example, studies conducted by prestigious universities like Massachusetts General Hospital have examined the use of mobile apps to improve sleep hygiene and identify triggers. These apps can monitor sleep and provide feedback on how to improve life quality.

Other studies are investigating the use of biofeedback techniques and meditation to help patients manage pain and anxiety associated with the disorder.


Conclusions

Somatic symptom disorder presents a complex challenge for patients and healthcare professionals. Understanding its characteristics, causes, and treatment strategies is crucial for providing effective support. Through a multidisciplinary approach and the use of specific therapeutic techniques, it is possible to improve the quality of life for patients and address symptoms more effectively.

 


 Written by

Dr Elizabeth Moore, Psychologist

(consultation only in Italian)

 

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Bibliography


  • Fava, G. A., & Grandi, S. (1996), Psicoterapia e disturbi somatoformi, Il Mulino.

  • Bass, C., & Chant, C. (2008), La medicina somatica, Edra.

  • Kroenke, K., & Spitzer, R. L. (2002), Sintomi somatici e disturbi somatoformi: una guida clinica, Masson.

  • American Psychiatric Associatio,DSM-5-TR Manuale diagnostico e statistico dei disturbi mentali, Test Revision, Masson, Milano



External resources

If you wish to explore the topic of psychological manipulation further and find relevant articles and studies, consider these important academic and institutional resour


  • American Psychiatric Association (APA) L'APA è una delle principali organizzazioni al mondo per la salute mentale. Offre numerose risorse e articoli sul disturbo. Collegamento: [AmericaAssociazione psichiatrica americana


  • Istituto Nazionale di Salute Mentale (NIMH) Il NIMH è uno dei principali enti di ricerca mentale negli Stati Uniti. Fornisce articoli basati su studi scientifici riguardanti il disturbo da sintomi somatici. Link: Istituto Nazionale di Salute Mentale




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